Discuss the impact on British Society of the cultural revolution of Essay

Discuss the impact on British Society of the cultural revolution of the 1960s - Essay Example When social historians refer to "The Sixties", it is rare that they are talking about the decade in its entirety or that decade exclusively. For example, some claim that the sixties began, as a cultural phenomenon, in 1963. A convincing case can be made in support of this. Events such as the assassination of President Kennedy, Martin Luther Kings "Dream Speech", the debut albums of both The Beatles and Bob Dylan immediately appear as cultural turning points. 1963 appears to be the point at which civil rights, counter/youth culture and a new, somewhat alien mentality began to emerge into the mainstream consciousness. In spite of this, Marwick has argued that it is impossible to view the phenomenon in a "hermetically sealed" time frame, and that it truly began in the late fifties, and came to its conclusion in the early seventies. This is compatible with the idea that 1963 was important, indeed Marwick suggests it marks the beginning of the "High Sixties", but we must also acknowledge the gathering momentum of change in the years leading up to this point. Thus, the period of the Long Sixties I will be discussing here refers to 1958-1974. A far more difficult definition comes with the terms "cultural" and "revolution". To further complicate matters, when the two are used together, we can turn them into a proper noun, as with Mao Zedongs Cultural Revolution. Thus, it is important for us to differentiate between that Cultural Revolution, and Cultural Revolution in the far broader terms we are describing here. Was this a collective movement towards a universalistic revolution, or were individuals campaigning for their own singular interests? So what is a revolution, and, perhaps more pertinently, what is a culture? Revolution is a term which appears with startling regularity in world history, and has been applied to many different things. In this case, revolution refers to a paradigm shift

Continuum Of Care Outline Essay Example for Free

Continuum Of Care Outline Essay I. Introduction II. Stakeholders A. The â€Å"description of the roles of various stakeholders in the health care industry who are involved in the continuum of care† (University of Phoenix, 2015). 1. Who the patients are. 2. Who the employees are. 3. Who the payers are. 4. Who the providers are. B. â€Å"How the component contributes to or detracts from the overall management of health care resources† (University of Phoenix, 2015). 1. Is this a positive or negative affect? III. Services provided and employees’ role(s). A. â€Å"Discuss the services provided and how these services fit into the continuum of care† (University of Phoenix, 2015). 1. What services are provided? 2. How do these services fit into the continuum of care? 3. â€Å"The role of transitioning patients from one level of care to another in the health care continuum† (University of Phoenix, 2015). See more: 5 paragraph essay format B. â€Å"Description of the health care delivery components role in providing services† (University of Phoenix, 2015). 1. Who provides these services? 2. How the services are delivered. IV. Current and Future of Home Health Care A. What are the current trends and how they are changing? B. What the potential trends are. 1. How these potential trends will change delivery components and services in the future. 2. Accommodating for the future trends. V. The Characteristics of Integrated Delivery System (IDS) A. Health Care organizations. B. Community health. VI. Conclusion References University of Phoenix. (2015). Continuum of Care Presentation. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, HCS/235-Health Care Delivery in the U.S. website.

Franchising Strategy of McDonalds

Franchising Strategy of McDonalds Globalization refers to the system of interaction among the countries of the world. It has become a significant trend in todays world economies as there is a tendency for many large corporations and business to trade internationally and compete with each other on a global scale. There are many strategies that companies can use in order to expand their business and penetrate into global markets. These strategies include; licensing, exporting, franchising, contract manufacturing, international joint venture and foreign direct investment. We decided however to focus our report on the franchising strategy, and supported it with the case study of McDonalds. FRANCHISING is a contractual agreement whereby someone with a good idea for a business (franchisor) sells the rights to use the business name and sell a product or service (franchise) to others (franchisees) in a given territory in a specified manner. (Nickels, McHugh, McHugh, 2010, p.132) Franchising has become a very popular strategy that many companies have adopted lately; they have a vast number of global outlets operated by foreign franchisees. This is a list of the worlds most famous franchisors around the world as ranked in the Top 10 Franchisors for 2010; Subway McDonalds 7-Eleven Inc. Hampton Hotels Supercuts H R Block Dunkin Donuts Jani-King Servpro Ampm The table below shows the brief advantages and disadvantages of franchising; Advantages Disadvantages -Personal ownership -Management and marketing assistance -National recognized name -Financial advice and assistance -Lower failure rate -Large start up cost -Shared profit -Management regulation -Restrictions on selling -Fraudulent franchisor McDonalds McDonalds is one of the most successful fast-food restaurants around the world today with a very established and valuable trademark; it is an example of a brand franchise. McDonalds is often considered the gold standard of franchising. (Nickels, McHugh, McHugh, 2010, p.132).The main drive behind this success and rapid expansion was the franchising strategy, which helped them easily penetrate new markets and enlarge their target markets. Around 70 percent of the current McDonalds restaurants are run as independent franchisees. The first franchised outlet was opened in the UK in 1986; however there are now over 31,000 McDonalds restaurants in over 119 countries. Ray KrocThe initial idea of the fast-food restaurant was started by the McDonalds brothers; Dick and Mac. They opened their first restaurant in 1940 in California, but as a start they did not know that this restaurant will grow tremendously, and have such a large market share. They were extremely modest until they discovered a formula that sells an absolutely high quality product with low affordable prices attached, and quickly. However a significant role was played by Ray Kroc, an experienced business man with a talent for marketing. When he became involved in the business he realized that this formula could be very profitable and can be sold on a national basis all over the US. Therefore the main success of McDonalds is attributed to Ray Kroc because he had a vision to take McDonalds global and help achieve the highest levels success. Procedures of starting a McDonalds Franchise The steps taken in order to gain approval and start your own McDonalds restaurant are rather lengthy and costly. In order to be considered for a franchise and granted permission to use the McDonalds brand name; a minimum of $300,000 is needed strictly from the owners personal savings and resources (i.e. not from borrowed resources such as loan or mortgages). Furthermore under the requirements of a obtaining a McDonalds franchise, McDonalds has to own or lease the restaurant premises that the franchisee will operate in. The franchisee will then have to purchase the fittings, the equipment and the right to operate the franchise for twenty years. To guarantee a consistent and uniform trademark internationally all franchisees must use standardized McDonalds branding, menus, design layouts and administration systems. (Franchising and Entrepreneurship, n.d.) The franchisee managers should have certain specifications and qualities that meet McDonalds standards. These may consist of the ability to take care of the business financing, possessing good management skills in order to motivate train the employees, be willing to peruse a comprehensive training course and finally dedicate all their time to operating the restaurant and take care of the day-to-day activities of the business. (How Much Does a McDonalds Franchise Cost, n.d.) The procedures of starting a McDonalds franchisee mentioned above, elaborate how franchising systems in general operate in world markets. It shows how careful franchisors are in selecting and recruiting the best franchisees worldwide, in order to ensure that their goodwill and business trademark are not misused by fraudulent franchisees. It also gives us a brief summary of the requirements needed by a franchisor in order to grant an individual the right to use its business idea and sell its products. Advantages of franchising As mentioned above, the main drive behind the success and rapid expansion of McDonalds is franchising, we will discuss the benefits of franchising in detail and show how they were applicable to McDonalds. Franchising has enabled McDonalds to experience significantly faster expansion and growth, helping it to achieve a truly global brand identity and a well known trademark. For example McDonalds now operates in more than 119 countries world-wide, serving millions of consumers daily, the existence of the franchisee outlets globally have helped McDonalds gain popularity and customer loyalty. McDonalds is able to gain more income and revenues from the monthly fees (5% service fee) and rent paid by its franchisees worldwide, this means they can generate more finance which can later be used to develop and expand the business. Therefore franchising gives the opportunity to franchisors to raise sufficient capital. Franchising gives a chance to the franchisor to leverage the brand. By acquiring new franchise outlets, McDonalds was able to get in touch with a wider target market and reach more consumers globally, this in the long-run helped it achieve and maintain a high market share in the fast-food industry and it also enhanced the companys corporate image and prestige. (Becoming a Franchisor, 2003) When the franchisor sells the right to use its brand name to the franchisee, it is not required to intervene in the day-to-day activities of the business. When new franchise outlets commence, McDonalds is obliged to supply them with the equipment needed, raw materials and comprehensive training to the employees. However after these events have taken place, McDonalds is not responsible for the day-to-day running and management of the business. Therefore this eliminates the responsibility for direct supervision and gives the franchisor more time to concentrate on the strategic functions of the business, such as looking for new potential markets, building strong marketing plans and advertisement campaigns and so on. Franchisors are able to benefit from economies of scale, because as their total production levels increase, the average costs tend to decrease. These economies of scale may include marketing economies of scale; McDonalds for example will be able to have more money to spend on its advertising campaigns if its number of restaurants is higher, and it will also save the company the redundant costs of having separate national campaigns, therefore this helps reduce on the business expenses and hence register higher profits.. By having many franchise outlets worldwide, McDonalds achieves diversification and spreads its risks worldwide. This means that a failure in any one of its restaurant will not be very disastrous to the company, because there are many other successful and profitable restaurants that can help offset or compensate for this loss. Therefore, franchising helps minimize the rate of failure and helps keep businesses stronger. Disadvantages of franchising Previously we have stated the advantages of franchising in terms of McDonalds, however franchising has some disadvantages as well such as: Large start-up costs: The cost of franchise can vary from one business to the other. The more popular the business is the more fees the franchisee has to pay to the franchisor in order to have the right to use the businesss specific name and sell its products. That is because businesses which possess well-known trademarks reduces the risks that a franchisee takes, in other words it reduces the businesss possibility of failing, thus, its more expensive. A Franchisor such as McDonalds will require a very high start-up fee from the Franchisee simply because McDonalds is an extremely well-known restaurant. In order to be able to open a McDonalds franchise, a franchisee needs to have around $506,000 to $1,600,000 of non-borrowed cash personal money. The start-up cost depends on the location on the store. Shard Profits: In return of franchise the franchisor (McDonalds) gets the start-up cost in addition, to the annual franchise fee, which is a fee that is paid for training and preparations, price of equipment, money for working capital like fried potatoes machines etc., the original franchise fee is typically $45,000. Besides, the franchisee is also expected to monthly pay service fee which is 4.0% and rent fees to McDonalds, based on the sales performance. Plus the extra money they have to send on royalties on the income, it range between 2 to 10 % of the franchisors profits. Royalties are charged on the profits a business makes before taxes and other expenses such as wages. Therefore the higher the profits, the higher the royalty. The royalty fee for McDonalds is ingoing 12.5%. Therefore, a franchisee has to share a large amount of his/her profit with the franchisor (McDonalds). Restrictions on selling: Some franchisees face restrictions on re-selling their business. The franchisor has to first choose the new owner and assure that they meet the standards required for this business, with the intention of controlling the quality of their franchisee. MacDonalds for example requires a franchisee that has a business plan, good management skills, training, and mostly significant business experience. From 10,000 franchisees only 1000 are accepted and only 200 are chosen from the 1000 to operate. Coattail effects: Franchisors usually keep in mind that the actions taken by the franchisees can affect their profits and future development. Franchisees must also beware of their competitions from other franchisees. For instance, McDonalds has to look out from other fast food restaurants such as KFC, Burger kings, even other McDonalds franchisees. MacDonalds franchisees criticized that as a result of McDonalds cooperation persistent growth principles, some of the new stores have been taken away business at existing locations, limiting franchisees profits per outlet. Management Regulations: Management regulations such as the fund restrictions in MacDonalds, which states that when a franchisee has funds, he/she can, increase these funds through business loans from banks or small business administrations. However, the franchisee can only finance the cost for seven years or less. This might make the franchisee feel that he/she is not their own boss anymore and that they do not own their own business management regulations often make the franchisees feel pressured and burdened by the franchisor. Adapting to different cultures One of the limitations of expanding your business globally is adapting to the different cultures around the world, this is a problem many companies fail as they decide to operate in foreign countries. Living in a multi-cultured society, firms should learn how to adapt their strategies and products to suit and satisfy the needs of the local population. McDonalds has been one of the most effective companies in flexibly adapting to different cultures and societies. It has been very successful in identifying the local consumers tastes and preferences and then altering their menus and dishes to satisfy these preferences. As an article states, In the markets in which it operates, McDonalds listens to customers and adapts to their culture and preferences (Sun never sets on Mickey Ds, 2010). India:-In order to adapt to the Indian society, McDonalds had to offer vegetarian food and had to ensure that the all the food provided contained no beef ingredients in them. This is because the Hinduism religion prohibits eating meat products mostly beef; therefore they introduced new menu items like the McVeggie and McAloo Tikkie. Israel: In Israel, all meat served is 100 percent kosher beef (Sun never sets on Mickey Ds, 2010) which means that the food is pure clean with no organic materials added. Israelis demand more healthy food with no chemical preservatives therefore McDonalds uses Canola oil which has no trans-fats to prepare the meals. Middle East: In order to adapt to the Islamic religion of the Arab countries, McDonalds introduced Halal Meat in its menus which encouraged Muslims to eat more frequently from McDonalds and this increased the companys sales. They also introduced a menu called Mc-Arabia Lawsuits McDonalds has faced a number of lawsuits over the previous years in many different countries. This can be looked one of the short-comings of franchising, because as many independent owners use the companys brand name and trademark they may damage the reputation of McDonalds and destroy its corporate image. The following are examples of lawsuits encountered by McDonalds; A lawsuit was filed by a former franchise manager in Brazil accusing McDonalds for making him gain 65 pounds during the period of his twelve years of employment at the corporation. He claimed that he was forced to sample the food everyday in order to make sure it is of standard quality. The Brazilian court ruled in favour of the manager and held McDonalds Corporation liable for the managers obesity ordered it to pay $17,500 as a compensation fee. (Benson, 2010) A Vegetarian Resource Group also filed a law suit against McDonalds, accusing it of purposefully using an animal ingredient in its French fries. They blamed the fast-food restaurant for not notifying vegetarians that the French fries and hash browns had beef in them. A $10 million settlement was agreed later agreed upon on April 2002. (Akers, n.d.) Tony Cosgrove, the director of the Cleveland Clinic also got into a conflict with the McDonalds restaurants, claiming that fast food restaurants such as McDonalds that offer junk food should not be allowed to operate in medical institutions. This is because it is rather absurd to offer foods that are inconsistent with the health and dietary advice, doctors give their patients and this puts the patients health at stake. (Adams, 2005) Word count: 2,381 Original Case study http://www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/sme/en/wipo_smes_del_08/wipo_smes_del_08_www_116736.pdf

Essay on Natural Symbolism in A Farewell to Arms -- Farewell Arms Essa

Natural Symbolism in A Farewell to Arms      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As with many other authors of fictional novels, Ernest Hemingway was often noted for his use of symbolism in his numerous pieces of literature. Natural symbolism plays a significant role in Hemingway’s novel, A Farewell to Arms. This novel uses aspects of nature to structure the plot and provide symbols that replace human emotions.      Ã‚  Ã‚   Nature serves as a source of symbols which replace human sentiment or feelings, making the situation seem somewhat less serious. For example, when characters die, there is no mention of pain or suffering, rather it is simply stated that it is raining, or it is autumn. Substituting emotions with symbols of nature allows Hemingway to describe to the reader in a less informing manner what is actually taking place in the plot. He sometimes also uses symbols to completely omit references to attitudes and reactions towards situations. Ironically, these symbols sometimes represent the opposite of what their traditional meaning would be.      Ã‚  Ã‚   ‘The storyline and character traits of this novel are largely affected by Hemingway’s use of symbolism.’ (Bender 55) This is established from the very first chapter, which discusses the rapid progression of the seasons from summer into autumn. Summer is signified by dryness and prosperity. This can be contrasted to autumn, which is identified with ill-fated occurrences and darkness. ‘...And in the fall when the rain came the leaves fell from the chestnut trees and the branches were bare and the trunks black with rain.’ (Hemingway 4) This changing of seasons is a minor transition related to symbolism, which sets the pace for the larger transitions of the novel as a whole. For example, the first fe... ...o Arms.’ Professor Carlos Baker, author of ‘Hemingway: The Writer as an Artist,’ adequately sums up the use of symbolism in this novel. ‘Once the reader has become aware of what Hemingway is doing in those parts of his work which lie below the surface, he is likely to find symbols operating everywhere...’ (Baker 117)    Works Cited Bender, David. Readings on Ernest Hemingway. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1997. Fielder, Leslie A. Love and Death in the American Novel. New York: Stein and Day, 1975. Hemingway, Ernest. A Farewell to Arms. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1929. Weeks, Robert. Hemingway: A Collection of Critical Essays. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1962. Ernest Miller Hemingway: Writing Syle. http://www.encarta.msn.com/find/ Symbolism and Motifs. http://www. homework-online.com/afta/style-sturcture.asp   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      Essay on Natural Symbolism in A Farewell to Arms -- Farewell Arms Essa Natural Symbolism in A Farewell to Arms      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As with many other authors of fictional novels, Ernest Hemingway was often noted for his use of symbolism in his numerous pieces of literature. Natural symbolism plays a significant role in Hemingway’s novel, A Farewell to Arms. This novel uses aspects of nature to structure the plot and provide symbols that replace human emotions.      Ã‚  Ã‚   Nature serves as a source of symbols which replace human sentiment or feelings, making the situation seem somewhat less serious. For example, when characters die, there is no mention of pain or suffering, rather it is simply stated that it is raining, or it is autumn. Substituting emotions with symbols of nature allows Hemingway to describe to the reader in a less informing manner what is actually taking place in the plot. He sometimes also uses symbols to completely omit references to attitudes and reactions towards situations. Ironically, these symbols sometimes represent the opposite of what their traditional meaning would be.      Ã‚  Ã‚   ‘The storyline and character traits of this novel are largely affected by Hemingway’s use of symbolism.’ (Bender 55) This is established from the very first chapter, which discusses the rapid progression of the seasons from summer into autumn. Summer is signified by dryness and prosperity. This can be contrasted to autumn, which is identified with ill-fated occurrences and darkness. ‘...And in the fall when the rain came the leaves fell from the chestnut trees and the branches were bare and the trunks black with rain.’ (Hemingway 4) This changing of seasons is a minor transition related to symbolism, which sets the pace for the larger transitions of the novel as a whole. For example, the first fe... ...o Arms.’ Professor Carlos Baker, author of ‘Hemingway: The Writer as an Artist,’ adequately sums up the use of symbolism in this novel. ‘Once the reader has become aware of what Hemingway is doing in those parts of his work which lie below the surface, he is likely to find symbols operating everywhere...’ (Baker 117)    Works Cited Bender, David. Readings on Ernest Hemingway. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1997. Fielder, Leslie A. Love and Death in the American Novel. New York: Stein and Day, 1975. Hemingway, Ernest. A Farewell to Arms. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1929. Weeks, Robert. Hemingway: A Collection of Critical Essays. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1962. Ernest Miller Hemingway: Writing Syle. http://www.encarta.msn.com/find/ Symbolism and Motifs. http://www. homework-online.com/afta/style-sturcture.asp   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     

Child Trafficking Essay

A child is a young human being who is not yet an adult. It also defines trafficking as an act of buying and selling things illegally. So, child trafficking is an inhuman act where children are being used unjustly as objects of business transaction. Boys and girls are involved but girls are mostly involved as victims. They are taken from their parents by the trafficker who with deceitful words promises the girl’s parent’s heaven and earth for instance that she will send them to school or that she has a business in abroad like a saloon where the girls can work for few months and establish theirs. Parents who are living in the villages are the ones they use to go to, because most of them are unable to afford both material and financial needs of all their children. Such parents have no alternative than giving out their childchildren who maybe in their teens to the lady who pretended to be good. Despite all these government can still work on this heavily by the following: Firstly, government should declare free education in every school that is the school owned by the government maybe to the secondary school level. By so doing, parents will not have the excuse of giving out their children to someone else to take care of them. Secondly, government should see to duly paying of workers’ salaries at the end of each month and not leaving them empty handed at the end of the month because they need money to solve the problems facing them in the family and also to prevent them from exposing their children to those heartless human beings that use children illegally to make money. The last but not the least is that the parliamentary arm of government should sit together with the support of the president, make laws for children against abuse and intimidation. Also the judiciary arm should be strict in punishing anybody found exhibiting the act of child trafficking

chemical warfare essays

chemical warfare essays The use of chemical warfare did not take a toll till the mid or the first world War. Chemical warfare was to be considered the most deadly weapon that you can use against your enemies. Because the death rate was so high there were many meetings held on the discussion of rather or not countries could use chemical viruses in war. It was stated in Hague convention of 1899 that there the use of gas was a barbaric way to kill someone. The convention ended with the signing of most of the countries from Europe. There were three countries that did not sign however; one was Italy, U.S and Turkey. During the year of 1914 trench warfare became a very common way of battling one another. The Germans attacked against Belgium was stalled in August 1914 because of the trenches. Germany was in a deadlock with Belgium due to this and the Germans wanted to break this by using poisonous gases. Even though they had got that in mind they did not break the signing of Hague. In that same month the French used 26-mm gas grenades during their battle. Although they had no proofs that they were using gases the Germans had to go and retrieve a document to prove their facts. Thats exactly what they did in February 21, 1915. Now that there was proof of the use of poisonous gas the Germans felt that they had the freedom to use gas in their efforts. Because allied chemist also had did research on chemical warfare, the Germans knew that they had to work hard to stay ahead of them. Due to not enough people who were educated enough Germany only employed 2,000 chemist by the end of the war. The rest of the people who worked in the research centers were students, laboratory technicians, and men from the medical, engineering, or ordnance branches of the armed services. Even with the small amount of trained chemist Germany was st ...

Historical Problems on Augusts essays

Historical Problems on Augusts essays Historical Problems in the Original Works on Caesar Augustus As a history student progresses through his/her studies, there reaches a certain point where the student achieves an adequate level of advancement. A history student or any student for that matter, often achieves their primary base of knowledge of past events through modern sources. An advanced history student at one point becomes aware of the subjectivity of modern views of the ancient past. There are often gray areas where the original facts of any given history are questionable. One such subject which contains much ambiguity is the ancient history of Rome. Countless modern sources are available, yet all these modern, or secondary sources base their knowledge on original, or primary sources written nearly two centuries ago. Specifically, the reign of the Roman emperor Augustus, which lasted from 31 BC to 14 AD, contains some elements of ambiguity. While most ancient sources on Augustus are generally accurate for the most part, there are still certain questions that modern scholars debate over. In the following essay, I will present the historical problems relating to the emperor Augustus. While I will try to remain as objective as possible, I will offer my own thoughts or opinions on these ambiguous areas. Any opinions I have below are not completely original ideas, for these questions have been debated thoroughly by modern Roman scholarsa couple of which my opinions are heavily influenced by. I will note the The first historical problem I found is the vagueness on the nature of the relationship between Augustus and Julius Caesar. Caesar was the great uncle of Augustus. Caesar was impressed with Augustus at an early age. Cassius Dio, in his History of Rome claims the following: Caesar....enrolled him among the patricians, and trained him for the rule, carefully educating him in all the...

Language Development Essays

Language Development Essays Language Development Essay Language Development Essay Summarize and comment on what you have learned about the topic you selected. There are three theories of language development that try to explain how a child learns a language and how issues can appear, slowing or inhibiting that development. The first is the Behaviorist Perspective. This theory states that children develop their language skills through operant conditioning. As they attempt to speak and make sounds that resemble words, they are rewarded with praise. Some behaviourists believe that children imitate words and are rewarded for doing so, thus eading to their language development. There is also the Nativist Perspective that states that children have a specific system imbedded in them that assists them in developing language skills. They consider this system a Language Acquisition Device (LAD) that helps them understand grammar and rules surrounding various languages. Noam Chomsky was a linguist supporting the nativist perspective and he believed that a childs LAD allowed them to speak using the universal rules of language, and many do so within the same period of their early development. Nativists also believe there is a period of development when a child is acquiring the majority of their language skills, although a specific time frame has not been pin pointed. While the Nativist theory is interesting and thought provoking, no one as of yet has been able to indentify the grammar system or the specific optimum language development time period. Finally, there is the Interactionalist Perspective which stresses that a childs language development is directly influenced by their intellectual capacity and the nvironmental factors around them. While one interactionalist theory focuses on the childs ability to process information, the other focuses more on interaction with those in their social circle, or family. Regardless of the theory, a child will often develop at their own pace and being outside of the norm, is the norm. That being said, there are guidelines for when the typical child will reach certain milestones. By two months most babies will begin making vowel like noises. When a caregiver responds to a babies noises with anguage, the child will make an attempt to repeat it, and develop their language skills. At one year, the typical child will say their first word. In their second year, their vocabulary will develop at a rate of one to three words per week and they will understand the meaning of the word. Toddlers will use telegraphic speech, or two word utterances. Cultural differences and a childs individual capacity to comprehend language will greatly affect their development, as will gender. Girls tend to develop faster than oys, though their temperament and experiences are factors as well. It is very important to keep the child engaged in language early on in ensure proper development and growth of vocabulary. their child Comment specifically on the importance of early intervention in regards to the topic you selected. Support your answer with reference to developmental theories studied in our course. Spotting a deficiency and intervening early on is important for a childs language development. Because there are many factors that can affect a childs development, it an often be difficult to diagnose a problem. Language development is essential to a childs ability to succeed. When a child enters school with underdeveloped language skills, it can cause that child to lack in other areas such a academia and social environments discuss this further. Children who exhibit delays at the onset of schooling are at risk for early academic difficulties and are also more likely to experience grade retention, special education placement, and failure to complete high school. Nancy J. Cohen stresses the impact on a childs social development. Children with language impairments had difficulty entering into peer group conversations and were then excluded, giving them less opportunity to learn and practice the social skills they needed for peer interaction. Catherine S. Tams-Lemonda, E. T. (2008). Parents Role in Fostering Young Childrens Learning and Language Development. New York University, USA. Cohen, N. J. (2005). The Impact of Language Development on the Psychosocial and Emotional Development of Young Children . Hincks-Dellcrest Centre, CANADA.

STRATEGIC ANALYSIS case assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

STRATEGIC ANALYSIS case - Assignment Example Convenient locations are likely to be visited by clients, which means an increase in earned revenue. The first alternative for Colin is the inclusion of cut polishing service. The competing companies have the cut polishing services, which is an additional service to make it convenient for affluent consumers. The alternative would cost a 25% percent increase in pricing, $1,500 insurance coverage and $250 for a rotary buffer (Finnbogason 7). It might lead to the loss of consumers who value pricing and increase in affluent car owners who value the look of the car. The cost of the risk might emanate from destroying the finish of a car and training all workers to perform the same task with precision. Mobile detailing services would mean a 30% increase in pricing and increase convenience. Additional costs are $10,000 for the truck and other equipment. It would also mean additional logistical challenges. Golf Course partnership option would cost $150 for the sign only. It would also mean 10% increase in price. An increase in convenience would attract more consumers and the people who visit the golf course might not mind the increase in pricing. They are likely affluent car owners. Logistical challenges and system set up are manageable

Formal Criticism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Formal Criticism - Essay Example This paper will use formal analysis of a selection of scenes from the film 2046 by Wong Kar-wai to highlight Sontag's objection to such analysis. The film explores the experiences surrounding the many loves of the main character, Chow Mo Wan, but doesn't give a precise meaning for the events or even the relationships themselves. The film opens with the enigmatic and multi-layered image of a large, donut-shaped object. It is dark and smooth and shiny, yet also gives the impression of the spiral form of a shell. This represents the "hole in the tree" into which, according to a story repeated by Chow several times in the film, people whisper their deepest secrets, after which they fill the hole with mud to prevent the secret from ever being discovered. As Chow talks about a woman he once loved, we see a woman from behind, whispering her secret into the hole. We don't see her face. The film is filled with images that try to enlarge and deepen the impression that human memory and meaning are limited. The settings are few; a few hotel rooms, a rooftop, streets in which all that is shown is the street light or the wall of a building, a club, a restaurant, and the futuristic train that exists within the science fiction story Chow is writing. Also simplified are the appearances of the actors, almost always shown only from the chest up. They are frequently shown alone, even while conversing with another character. The colors red and black dominate the dcor and the clothing, and dark lighting is used in the majority of the scenes. On rare occasions light colors and daytime scenes are used, as when one of the hotel owner's two young and still somewhat innocent daughters is shown dressed in light green, or when a character is seen on the hotel rooftop during the day. Similarly, worldly women, or women who become worldly during the film, almost inevitably smoke and wear red, black, or gold. Many conclusions could be drawn from such repetitive symbolic content, but from Sontag's point of view, it would be a mistake to do so. Would smoking be interpreted as worldliness at all times and in all cultures, just as the colors a woman wears would always reveal her level of morality If we allow ourselves to see the red dress and the cigarette as symbolic of something specific and universal, do we then, for instance, start to ignore the facial expressions Even here the film seems to adhere to a pattern; the majority of expression shown by the actors is whether and when they do and don't look at one another. This could be interpreted as a device of emotional distancing between people who try to avoid intimacy while at the same time desperately yearning for it. Could it be that the visual elements of the film are simplified in order to force our attention to less obvious parts of the story, or to more subtle characterizations of the actors But it could also be said that the film us es such devices in order to render a flatness and hopelessness in the storyline that lets the viewer know well in advance that there will be no happy endings here. The film doesn't defend itself against this kind of analysis. In one particularly engaging sequence, Chow is writing a futuristic story in which he imagines himself as a Japanese man riding a train into the year 2046, "the place where people go to recover memories". It is

A (any) Muscular Disorder Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A (any) Muscular Disorder - Essay Example lar dystrophy is a form of muscular dystrophy recessive which is X-linked and affects mostly boys causing degeneration of the muscle and eventually death. It is caused by mutation of a gene known as dystrophin, the most prominent and large gene found in the human chromosome and is responsible for coding a protein called dystrophin, a crucial structural component inside the muscle tissue, charged with provision of structural stability of dystroglycan complex (DGC) a component of cell membrane. Although both males and females are capable of carrying the mutation, males are the most affected and rarely do the females exhibit any signs of the abnormality. Duchenne muscular dystrophy at first causes progressive proximal weakness of the muscles of the pelvis and legs, which is usually associated with mass muscle loss. Finally this weakness usually spreads to such parts as neck, shoulders, hips, thighs, pelvic area and later on the voluntary muscles around a person’s legs, trunk and the arms. There is an enlargement of the calves and by the time early teenage sets in the respiratory and heart muscles are also affected. Duchenne muscular dystrophy mostly affects boys at a rate of 1 out of every 3600 resulting in degeneration of muscle and eventually death. The most severe and common type of Muscular dystrophy (MD) occurs amongst children and accounts for over fifty percent of all known cases. Unlike girls, the affected boys usually lack second X-chromosome to cater for the abnormal X-chromosome, which usually contains the abnormal genes.DMD typically appears in boys aged between 3 and 5 years and weakness is usually noticed as the children begin to run or walk. Duchenne muscular dystrophy causes calf muscles to enlarge, and this is one of the most significant characteristic of the disease. The most common symptoms of this disease start with the weakness of the pelvis and upper legs. Children with this disease usually fall down a lot, have problems rising from a

Language can Create Success Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Language can Create Success - Essay Example It can have a negative effect in that family members may feel embarrassed or ashamed by an individual’s use of poor English. Amy Tan clearly demonstrates this as she says that she was embarrassed by her mother’s broken English when she was young. She says that, â€Å"my mother's "limited" English limited my perception of her† (Tan). This means that she thought that her mother’s inability to speak English fluently also affected her thoughts. This is also a belief that is commonly held by many people. People tend to believe that an individual, who is unable to use proper English in a conversation, also bears limited thoughts and a closed perception. Tan echoes these sentiments when she says that she â€Å"believed her mother’s poor English reflected the quality of what she had to say† (Tan). People do not understand that individuals can express themselves poorly but bear intelligent perceptions and thoughts. Her relationship with her mother als o seemed to be affected by her poor English. Tan had to translate or speak for her mother so that people could understand or get a picture of what she was saying. She says that she used to argue with people on the phone while she was pretending to be her mother.Tan also recalls an incident when she was giving a speech on her work and she remembered that her mother was in the congregation.She had been used to talking to her in broken English and carefully selecting phrases that she could understand

Week 4 posts 6330 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week 4 posts 6330 - Assignment Example I would like to thank you for the informative post regarding Basic Nursing Care Skills in the ADN course is beneficial to the students’ opportunity to exercise their nursing skills effectively. I support the best practice in this quote, â€Å"The syllabus is well organized with effective headers and tables with the ease of readability which can promote understanding among learners (Slattery & Carlson, 2005)†. The improvement needed in this syllabus is that it requires measureable goals and clear objectives. Your critique on the syllabus for the nurse residency program at a community hospital located in Southwest Florida was quite good in that it provides nurse graduates with no experience, the acute care setting. I support the following quote, â€Å"If the student can achieve the objectives set forth in the course, then there us alignment with the course outcome. This syllabus is beneficial in that it helps learners set high, but achievable goals (Slattery and Carlson, 2005).† The major improvement this syllabus needs is more supervision; this is beneficial since the graduates need mentoring. The post related to the Wound Care Programme is mainly about preparing the nurse in practice many ways of management of wounds was very informative. I would like to support your view on†, one way this syllabus illustrates best practices is with very clear and concise objectives.† A listing of resources helps the students plan ahead; both the actions are good ways of learner engagement (Habanek, 2005). One way to improve this syllabus is by creating a list of meeting dates and expected assignments. This assists the learner take responsibility for their learning and anticipates the course development (Habanek, 2005). Rowles, C. (2012). Strategies to promote critical thinking and active learning, In D. Billings & J. Halstead (Eds.), Teaching in nursing: A guide for faculty (4th ed.). St. Louis, MO:

Fruit content of fruit juice and apple juice content of cider using Literature review

Fruit content of fruit juice and apple juice content of cider using DNA methodology - Literature review Example For instance, orange (Citrus sinensis) juice is more in demand and thus have a higher value than mandarin (C. reticulata) juice though both belong to the Citrus species. Fruit varieties are qualitatively graded using characters such as composition and quality of syrup and this too makes a vast difference in prices. Therefore, especially in mass-scale fruit juice production, the producers may be tempted to adulterate highly-priced products with a less expensive alternative to increase the product volume and thereby gain better profits. Such adulteration may be in the form of diluting with water, sugars, high fructose corn syrup, spent process water and addition of juices from less expensive fruit varieties (as with orange juice dilution with mandarin). Authentication is an important issue in food industry and it is essential to provide the consumer with correct information about the contents of a product. Food labeling and traceability are regulated by EU directive 2000/13/EC and its amendments and by EU regulative 178/2002 respectively (Commission Regulation (EC) No 13/2000 and Commission Regulation (EC) No 178/2002). ... antitatively as well as qualitatively and determine the actual ingredients in a product to protect high quality of food products and thereby certify consumer rights. 2. Detection methods used in fruit juice industry In fruit juice industry, many technologies have being used to detect composition of a product. In the past, Analysis of total nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and potassium (K) was practiced to assess fruit content of (eg. orange) juice but, this method could be applied only when levels of these components are well documented. Hence it was apparent that other methods were in need and hence minerals, organic acids (citric acid, malic acid), amino acids and sugars (glucose, fructose and sucrose) were analyzed. During past years, assessment of food products has been conducted using spectroscopy (UV, NIR, MIR), isotopic analysis, methods based on chromatography (High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), LC, TLC, GC MC and LC MS), electronic nose, immunological methods such as ELIZA and thermal analysis (Reid, O’Donnell and Downey, 2006). Paper chromatography and HPLC has been used in detecting sugars and acids, Gas liquid chromatography (GLC) and electrophoresis for amino acids and chemical analysis for acidity are some examples for these applications. Lately, as reported by Li, Goovaerts and Meurens (1996), Near- infrared spectroscopy (near-IR) was used to detect sugars (glucose, sucrose, fructose) and acids (citric and malic acids) in orange juice. Each of these methods has their own advantages as well as limitations and thus, more refine and more sensitive technologies were in constant demand. Anthocyanin pigment analysis with HPLC and electrospray mass spectroscopy (ESMS), stable isotopic carbon analyses, NMR spectroscopy and analysis of trace

Language can Create Success Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Language can Create Success - Essay Example It can have a negative effect in that family members may feel embarrassed or ashamed by an individual’s use of poor English. Amy Tan clearly demonstrates this as she says that she was embarrassed by her mother’s broken English when she was young. She says that, â€Å"my mother's "limited" English limited my perception of her† (Tan). This means that she thought that her mother’s inability to speak English fluently also affected her thoughts. This is also a belief that is commonly held by many people. People tend to believe that an individual, who is unable to use proper English in a conversation, also bears limited thoughts and a closed perception. Tan echoes these sentiments when she says that she â€Å"believed her mother’s poor English reflected the quality of what she had to say† (Tan). People do not understand that individuals can express themselves poorly but bear intelligent perceptions and thoughts. Her relationship with her mother als o seemed to be affected by her poor English. Tan had to translate or speak for her mother so that people could understand or get a picture of what she was saying. She says that she used to argue with people on the phone while she was pretending to be her mother.Tan also recalls an incident when she was giving a speech on her work and she remembered that her mother was in the congregation.She had been used to talking to her in broken English and carefully selecting phrases that she could understand

Fruit content of fruit juice and apple juice content of cider using Literature review

Fruit content of fruit juice and apple juice content of cider using DNA methodology - Literature review Example For instance, orange (Citrus sinensis) juice is more in demand and thus have a higher value than mandarin (C. reticulata) juice though both belong to the Citrus species. Fruit varieties are qualitatively graded using characters such as composition and quality of syrup and this too makes a vast difference in prices. Therefore, especially in mass-scale fruit juice production, the producers may be tempted to adulterate highly-priced products with a less expensive alternative to increase the product volume and thereby gain better profits. Such adulteration may be in the form of diluting with water, sugars, high fructose corn syrup, spent process water and addition of juices from less expensive fruit varieties (as with orange juice dilution with mandarin). Authentication is an important issue in food industry and it is essential to provide the consumer with correct information about the contents of a product. Food labeling and traceability are regulated by EU directive 2000/13/EC and its amendments and by EU regulative 178/2002 respectively (Commission Regulation (EC) No 13/2000 and Commission Regulation (EC) No 178/2002). ... antitatively as well as qualitatively and determine the actual ingredients in a product to protect high quality of food products and thereby certify consumer rights. 2. Detection methods used in fruit juice industry In fruit juice industry, many technologies have being used to detect composition of a product. In the past, Analysis of total nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and potassium (K) was practiced to assess fruit content of (eg. orange) juice but, this method could be applied only when levels of these components are well documented. Hence it was apparent that other methods were in need and hence minerals, organic acids (citric acid, malic acid), amino acids and sugars (glucose, fructose and sucrose) were analyzed. During past years, assessment of food products has been conducted using spectroscopy (UV, NIR, MIR), isotopic analysis, methods based on chromatography (High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), LC, TLC, GC MC and LC MS), electronic nose, immunological methods such as ELIZA and thermal analysis (Reid, O’Donnell and Downey, 2006). Paper chromatography and HPLC has been used in detecting sugars and acids, Gas liquid chromatography (GLC) and electrophoresis for amino acids and chemical analysis for acidity are some examples for these applications. Lately, as reported by Li, Goovaerts and Meurens (1996), Near- infrared spectroscopy (near-IR) was used to detect sugars (glucose, sucrose, fructose) and acids (citric and malic acids) in orange juice. Each of these methods has their own advantages as well as limitations and thus, more refine and more sensitive technologies were in constant demand. Anthocyanin pigment analysis with HPLC and electrospray mass spectroscopy (ESMS), stable isotopic carbon analyses, NMR spectroscopy and analysis of trace

US Electoral Process Essay Example for Free

US Electoral Process Essay One may be surprised to realize that in the elections of 1876, 1888 and 2000, the candidates who won the nationwide popular vote went on to lose the United States Presidential vote. This may cause one to doubt whether the electoral process is indeed democratic. ‘Democracy’ was derived from the Greek word ‘demos’ defined basically as the government in which the supreme power is vested in the people or simply as President Abraham Lincoln defined it; the government of the people, by the people, for the people. Therefore, if popular candidates are forced by the system to be the losers, the electoral process of the United States undermines democracy. Mayors, Senators and members of the House of Representatives are voted in directly by the people; but the problem arises in the presidential elections where the people vote for the ‘elector’ who has pledged to represent a certain candidate. Each state chooses a number of representatives that are referred to as the Electoral College; the number being stated in the constitution and determined by the population of each state. A good example is California that has 55 electoral votes while Utah has only five. In many States, if one wins the popular vote, he or she is assigned all the delegates even though he has worn by only one vote. This is ridiculous! However, few states allocate delegates to presidential candidates proportional to the popular vote that they get. This means that a presidential candidate can win in many of the smaller States but get less votes than the winning candidate in the States with more delegates. Therefore, in the overall count he or she will lose. This explains why Al Gore lost to President George Walker Bush though the former had won the popular vote in the year 2000. When a Gallup poll was conducted later, 83% of those interviewed said that they never accepted Bush as the legitimate president. The other short fall with the process is that while the President and the Vice President rule for four years, Congressmen serve for two years and Senators for six. This means that much money and time is lost in the election period. The President and the Vice President, just like the other leaders should be voted in directly by the people . The candidate who gets the majority votes becomes the President with his or her running mate becoming the Vice president. The terms of service for all the political leaders should expire after the same duration. This would mean that elections are held on the same day, saving much money used for the purchase ballot materials and the hiring of election officers every time the elections are held. Time used in voting will also be saved, as people will vote for all leaders at the same time.

Literature Review of Data, Information, Knowledge and Wisdom

Literature Review of Data, Information, Knowledge and Wisdom 2.5 Why Knowledge management is so important? Knowledge as a resource causes huge misunderstanding for economists, because unlike the physical commodities, it is the only resource which increased returns as it is used rather than reduced or diminished over time (Clarke, T. 2001). Knowledge may be costly to generate but there is modest cost to diffusion. Massa, S. Testa, S. (2008) believed that the determinants of success of organizations, and nationwide economies as a total, is ever more dependent upon their efficiency in assembling and utilizing knowledge. Accordingly to Malhotra, Y. (2000) knowledge has turn into a key production factor; though the monetary accounts are still leading by conventional factors of production, including buildings and machinery. The idea of knowledge flowing to where it is most needed is the critical point and it should not flow only from the top down, but flow in all ways in an organization, (Davenport, T. Prusak, L. 2000). Davidson, C. Voss, P. (2004), Lin, L. Kwok, L. (2006) claimed that know ledge is no longer a source of power; it is knowledge sharing that counts in the knowledge economy but author like Kakabadse, N. et al., (2003), viewed knowledge itself is power. Creation and codification of knowledge do not necessarily lead to performance improvement or value creation. Value is generated only when knowledge is allocated all the way through in an organization and linked where it is needed (Chena, C Huang, J. 2007). It is not sufficient to have smart people in the organization. Instead, the key is to create systems that tap into the knowledge, experiences, and creativity of your staff, your customers, your suppliers, and even your competitors. Knowledge strategy needs to be concerned with the quality of information, not the quantity; and with the timeliness of information delivery, not its speed. Smart systems are excellent but smart people are superior. Despres, C. Chauvel, D. (1999) identified that knowledge management occurs on three ends: the individual, the team and the organizational. 2.6 Framework for knowledge approaches Knowledge management is linked to diverse business fields and it has always been entrenched in the individual behavior. It is not all about creating an index or register that detains the whole thing that anyone ever knew. Collison, C. Parcell, G. (2004) suggested that it is about maintaining track of those who know the procedure, techniques and fostering the culture and technology that will get them talking. It is challenging to understand the nature of knowledge and the way it is managed. Also the management approaches towards knowledge management is varied. Knowledge can be created from re-describing and re-labeling the past knowledge, it also created from connecting people (the relationships) and connecting technologies (networks). This might be flexible social or stiff technical networks. These discussions vibrate with the managerial paradox of developing organizational performance via rigid or free control systems and this was interpreted in the following model adopted from Arm istead, C. Meakins, M. (2002) for describing four approaches to knowledge management stand on whether it is in an organizational or an individual context, and whether knowledge management is imposed or empowered by managerial approaches. Armistead, C. Meakins, M. (2002) Figure No: 2.3 Framework for knowledge approaches Imposition is linked with bureaucracy, structured and controlled systems and attempts to codify all aspects of knowledge. It might expect such perceptions to be more inclined to explicit rather than tacit knowledge. In contrast, Empowerment recognized the potential in the social and individual for knowledge creation and sharing, in which the tacit as much as the explicit aspect of knowledge is engaged. The authors considered that managers are likely to be concerned with knowledge at an individual and organization level and with particular approaches to managing knowledge. Consequently they proposed a managerial framework which uses the constructs of imposed and empowered as one axis and the individual and the organization as the other. Prescribed recommends a official approach to knowledge and its management at an  organizational level. It might see technology set up widely to detain, store up and  guard knowledge. Compliance means individual engage in knowledge activities through contract and  regulation. Resources are distributed via prescribed performance management  processes. Adaptive engages with the informal within the social fabric of the organization in  the logic of communities of practice and the self-management of teams. Self-determination supports individuals to get responsibility for their part to  learning in the knowledge creation and sharing processes. From the above management paradox of how the knowledge is manage at an organizational and individual context. There is another well known model, called SECI or knowledge spiral model. The model did not only described that how the knowledge is managed but it also explained the overall knowledge creation process. 2.7 SECI Model In 1995, (Nonaka, I. Takeuchi, H. 1995) introduced their SECI model, which stands for Socialization, Externalization, Combination and Internalization. The purpose of this model is to offer an understanding of how organizations create knowledge and formalize organization processes which are mostly tacit in nature. It further provides an understanding of knowledge sharing, its management and application at an organizational level. According to Nonaka, I. Takeuchi, H. (1995) knowledge is formed from the interaction between tacit and explicit knowledge. These four knowledge conversion processes interconnected by moving from tacit to explicit knowledge as it moves from socialization to internalization then return to socialization to shape a spiral model of knowledge creation. Hiscock, J. (2004) stated that the first generation earlier to 1995, completely dependent on technologies in their daily task often known technocratic, but this is the second generation of knowledge management, whe re knowledge exchange is illustrated as a spiral a thing to be managed and something which can be made explicit. As the purpose of this research it is to look at the barriers to knowledge management thus the only focal point from this model is to observe overall knowledge creation process. Nonaka, I. Takeuchi, H. (1995) discussed that how tacit and explicit knowledge interrelate to successfully create knowledge in an organization via four conversion processes: 2.7.1 Socialization tacit to tacit Socialization is the process through which tacit knowledge is passed to others; it is directly related to the group processes and organizational culture. Tacit knowledge is often attained through sharing experiences, observations and the processes that arises without formal discussions and using language for instance face to face interaction. Interviewing and focus groups techniques are also creating tacit knowledge amongst people. 2.7.2 Externalization tacit to explicit Externalization of tacit knowledge is the conversion of tacit knowledge to explicit. As tacit knowledge is embedded in the peoples mind and that is externalize or express by sharing of paradigms, metaphors and concepts through formal discussions. Nonaka, I Takeuchi, H. (1995) declared that we have conceptualized an image; we generally tend to express it in language. Externalization is developing notions which facilitate tacit knowledge to communicate. Redesign of existing information can escort to new knowledge in the shape of written statements. Wakefield, R. (2006) argued that when knowledge is externalized and turn into explicit it is in fact converted back into information or data. Both have values, but this cannot be out until the data and information is internalized again to form knowledge that is used for some productive purposes. 2.7.3 Combination explicit to explicit Combination is a process of systemizing concept into a knowledge system, at this level explicit knowledge merged with written reports and other strategic documents through formal discussions (i.e. meetings, documents etc.). This process includes gathering significant knowledge then sorting, editing and distributing it, which allows knowledge sharing within organization. Formal education and training are also comprise in this type of knowledge conversion. 2.7.4 Internalization explicit to tacit Internalization is a mechanism of altering explicit knowledge into tacit knowledge. It is achieved through individual expression and learning by doing. Once the explicit knowledge shared with individuals to internalize what they have experienced and then their understanding becomes tacit knowledge in the form of shared intellectual models or technological know-how which further become a valuable asset for the organization. For example: customer complaint are recorded and then read by other team members. 2.8 key components and its related barriers to Knowledge Management DuPlessis, M. (2008) point out that knowledge management is a holistic solution integrating mixture of perspectives: people, process, technology and culture perspectives and every single one should hold equal influence. According to Gillingham, H. Roberts, B. (2006), people, process and technology (soft and hard aspects) reveals the most essential features engaged in capturing, disseminating and sharing knowledge. These elements require to be balanced to guarantee that the complete benefits of knowledge sharing are exploited. Of course, people, process, and technology (PPT) are intertwined and no organizations get very far benefits without having a basic competency in all. But the tougher challenge in knowledge management is how to built PPT into an organization. Collison, C. Parcell, G. (2004) suggested that involving people who knows, and the behaviors to ask, listen and share, some processes to make things easier for sharing, validation, distillation, and a familiar, reliable te chnology infrastructure to facilitate sharing. Knowledge management is all concerning the integration of people, process, technology but strategy and structure too (Armistead, C. Meakins, M. 2002). According to Quinn, F. (2008) the development of knowledge managements exposes many issues that firms claim to have solved completely. The issues for example related to business benefits, people and culture, technology and process. These issues reflect all the main areas of concern in a knowledge environment and can be produce the barriers or road block to achieving the corporate success that most of would wish to inhabit. 2.8.1 People The biggest misunderstanding that the Information Technology (IT) leaders composed is that the knowledge management is all about technology. Gillingham, H. Robert, B. (2006) confirmed that people are the most central and complex element in knowledge management. It is a people who create and share knowledge, Since, (tacit) knowledge is set aside in the individuals the most essential thing for knowledge management is the system to allow the conceal knowledge within an individual be spread to others in order for them to share, exploit, and then alter it into (explicit) knowledge within an organization (Yeh, Y. et al., 2006). Knowledge management helps us do what we do better and its connect information and people, and people and people. Call, D. (2005) suggested that people are not being able to gain knowledge in a minutes and hours but they learn over days or weeks and one of challenge is to detained knowledge from what people said and did as part of their everyday job and to build it reachable to rest in an organization. According to Gundry, J. Metes, G. (1996) people behaviors is often manipulated by their beliefs, values, attitudes, and the organization culture. Influencing what people believe should direct to changes in values, attitudes and behavior in which knowledge is shared behavior. Gillingham H. Robert, B. (2006) stated that it is complicated to get people to do things in a different way because people can simply fall back on defensive routines. A state of willingness require from individuals to get people to modify the way that they do things, it is central to manage those who are willing to create and share their knowledge (Yeh, Y. et al., 2006). According to the Abell, A. and Oxbrow, N. (2001) people ask numbers of question in organization towards knowledge management for example: What is in knowledge for me? How does it make my job easier? What appreciation will I get for sharing my knowledge? Etc. It is important to identify what knowledge peo ple need and what knowledge people already possess and how to link people and knowledge process. In any system where information or knowledge is accessible, there must be adequate security to ensure that only appropriate people are able to see what knowledge is held and by whom, in that case confidentiality is the barrier to crafting a knowledge sharing culture in the organization (DuPlessis, M. 2008). But from the organizational point of view, one can comprehend that it is in national interest that the particular knowledge stays confidential. In other word the right information and knowledge should distributed to the right people at the right time and right place. For example in defense sectors and utilities provider such as countries like South Africa where they have one and only major energy provider, their key knowledge and information would be exceptionally secret hence it should be strongly managed (Sutton, S. Leech, S. 2002). Employee often does not know what is the concept of knowledge management their perception about knowledge as resources in not clear as capital assets resources. In the view of McCann, J. Buckner, M. (2004) people do not include knowledge into their work process to make final products and services and even do not feel responsible for sharing their own knowledge with colleagues. Kols, A. (2004) submitted that people do not even realize that they have knowledge worth sharing. Employees viewed knowledge management as an additional job, processes and formal channel of communications which is not incorporated into their daily working environment (DuPlessis, M. 2008). Another potential factor; employed turnover, where experienced employees transferred, promoted, retired, or fired from the organization, both their tacit and explicit knowledge may be lost unless the organization makes a concerted effort to assure that it is shared. Knowledge management setup and implementations requires sufficient time which is often claimed constraint. Time can be a difficult area or barrier, where employees are considered on the hourly basis, for example; accountants, lawyers, solicitors and engineers. For them, time is wealth and it is hard to modify the view that knowledge management be able to make them work smarter and quicker, even if they do expend some time on it upfront (DuPlessis, M. 2008). When the organization was steady and developing smoothly, it would be feasible for people to take extra time and effort to get involved in such knowledge management activities. Once the circumstances changed, these practices would be easily gone down because they were peripheral to business operations (Lin, L. Kwok, L. 2006). 2.8.2 Process Armistead, C. Meakins, M. (2002) declared that knowledge management is a process rather than an asset, and hence to facilitate maximize its value an organization must have to form an environment that facilitates the flow of knowledge. The argument between technology and people is about the ways of managing knowledge processes. Barnes, P. (2007), Probst et al., (2000) categorizes knowledge management in six core processes; knowledge identification, knowledge acquisition, knowledge expansion, knowledge sharing or distribution, knowledge exploitation and knowledge preservation. In order to share knowledge, one requires tools or processes: Expert locater systems, communities of practice (formal and informal), distance learning information-sharing tools, emergent expertise, storytelling, knowledge repositories, conferences/workshops/ seminars, e-learning applications and virtual communities are some of the methods organizations can use to disseminate knowledge. Abell, A. Oxbrow, N. (200 1) believed that people make process work, often through informal steps- how can these be formalized and how to build communities around business processes. Process must learn how to achieve the commitment of people to the learning process and how to integrate knowledge creation and utilization into business process. Processes need technology support- how to integrate business benefits and technology capability, it also require formal and informal communication between employees. Lack of communication, non-standardized processes and information systems and not knowing where to get knowledge. Gillingham, H. Roberts, B. (2006) stated that location and distance (geographical, legal, cultural and lingual) to access of vast organization knowledge can be a bottleneck Informal communication outlook as just chitchat or chatty activity, managers do not see the advantage of (tacit) knowledge process or transfer from one employee to another hence often employees are restricted to engage in discussing projects or ideas at meeting places such as near to water coolers or coffee machines (Webb, S. 1998). However organization confusion over the focus of the initiative often creates barriers to knowledge management: information or knowledge management; knowledge management or learning organization; which should lead human resources (HR) or information technology (IT). However there is danger in attempting to identify and collect everything available. According to Giannetto, K. Wheeler, A. (2000) if too much detail is gathered, it is impossible to distinguish what might be of value to employees and it will become a huge unmanageable, bureaucratic nightmare Organizations focus on collection not connection and attempt to capture all organization knowledge in repositories, often creating electronic bucket in place of physical filing cabinets also misunderstand the difference between tacit and explicit knowledge and treat it in the same way. 2.8.3 Technology The role of technology is significant; it is ultimately a facilitator of human knowledge in the organization. Technology or IS does not hold tacit knowledge, as it is held in the human brain (Rock, S. 1998), although it is transfer medium of tacit into explicit knowledge to some extend because tacit knowledge alters with each new experience and technology should be updated frequently. Armistead, C. Meakins, M. (2002) affirmed that information technology can enable speedy search, access and retrieval of information, and can support collaboration and communication between organizational members. In real meaning, it can undoubtedly play a variety of roles to support an organizations knowledge management processes. Technologies and knowledge management are strongly tied, because both assist the circulation of structured knowledge vertically and horizontally in the organization. (Yeh, Y. et al., 2006) argued that technology plays following roles in knowledge management: acquiring knowledge; classify, store, index, and tie knowledge related digital items; search and identify related content; and flexibly communicate the content based on the different utilization backgrounds. Knowledge management classifications are broadly defined technologies which improve and enable knowledge generation, codification and transfer. Peoples experiences and interpretations that add value, transforms into knowledge by using technologies. Knowledge management (technology) tools for instance: e-mail, document systems, groupware, the internet, intranet and video conferencing are all knowledge collaboration tools which can be use for gathering, organizing and sharing knowledge in the organizations (Gillingham, H. Roberts, B. 2006). Not everyone is computer literate and that sort of illiteracy become a cause which brake knowledge management processes also people finds that working with complex systems is not easy (DuPlessis, M. 2006). Sometimes it is more challenging for the organization to get people trained to using the KM tools (technologies) to facilitate knowledge sharing and retention. Holland, J. Johanson, U. 2003) recognized that organization consideration towards technological costs sometimes restrain in respect of installing knowledge management softwares and hardwares. Perhaps both are very expensive in terms of getting licenses for every member in a large organization. Since knowledge is an intangible asset, it is more complex for organization to calculate return on investment in hard form (cash), therefore step back from any initiative; however Collison, C Parcell, G. (2001) believed that knowledge benefits can be defined in qualitative and quantitative measures. Another barriers occur when technology is not up to date with the business processes as well as with the improvements in the technological world then knowledge and information might become rapidly old-fashioned and if maintenance and back-ups is not done regularly, knowledge can be vanished in a catastrophe situation, which is not only costly but also irretrievable. The advance type of communications for example; intranet if organizations only rely on this then it will be a huge barrier to the exchange of tacit knowledge. Davenport, T Prusak, L. (2000) suggest that knowledge sharing events happen when people connect via communities of practice and in person meetings. 2.8.4 Culture Chen, C. Huang, J. (2007) described organizational culture as shared value, beliefs, and work atmospheres that could have considerable impacts on the behaviors of employees. According to Yeh, Y. et al., (2006) culture is the combination of value, core belief, behavior model, and emblem. Culture is normally reflected in the form of organizations corporate structure, management and leadership style, learning from experience, norms, and practices, trust, rewards and recognition, networks and community of practices etc (DeLong, DW. Fahey, L. 2004, Al-Hawamdeh, S. 2003). Culture can play a role for organizational learning and every organizations culture is an independent entity different than any other organization. Alavi, M. Leidner, D. (2001) suggested that it is significant to comprehend that knowledge management is not as much of technical problem, but it is more of cultural problem. Culture is not only intangible and illusive, but it can also be observed at multiple levels in an o rganization. Trust and honesty are elements of culture sometime not clearly visible, Davenport, T. Prusak, L. (2000) confirmed that without these elements knowledge management would not function properly between individuals. Employees ask many questions themselves for instance; if I share knowledge will others misuse it, can I belief the knowledge that others created (Abell, A. Oxbrow, N. 2001). Another familiar barrier point out by Kols, A. (2004) knowledge as a source of power or authority and therefore hoarding it, similarly organizations are naturally unwilling to share their skills and know-how with rivals. Employees possibly will not willing to share their knowledge because they might lose control/power, they spotlight on continued existence in the organization rather than willingness to share knowledge (Clegg, S. Palmer, G. 1996). The following Chinese sayings depicting this philosophy with influences from such widespread beliefs, knowledge sharing becomes more complex. A good mastery of a single skill ensures a lifetime employment (Lin, L. Kwok, L. 2006). Internal divisions are general obstacle. Each department, field office, service delivery site, or project team tends to focus on its own problems, have limited contact with outsiders, and unaware of what other subdivisions are doing. Davenport, T. Prusak, L. (2000) stated that employee often assumes that the people in top of organizational hierarchy have greater knowledge and expertise and this difference amongst individual may be seen as a barrier. Employees on different hierarchical or designations frequently struggle to share knowledge between these levels, as they feel they may have much or more knowledge on a particular subject but not consulted or totally ignored because of their position in organization. Furthermore Webb, S. (1998) revealed that managers often try to avoid consult subordinates because they might fear for losing face. If skills are greatly diverse within professional areas and/or within ranks, it might obstruct the tools and practice through the knowledge is s hared between levels. Organization consists of multiple genders and seeking assistance from same gender whether the person is helpful or not is normal cause and may be a barrier. Bartram, S. (2005) stated that women in managerial position often seen as one of the cultural barrier. Also assorted age makes a differentiation at the point of exchanging knowledge. Webb S. (1998) believed that employees are unwilling to share knowledge if the future economic growth of organization is unstable and they strive to secure their position by retention of tacit knowledge as power. The overall organization instability may spoil social networks and reduce flow of knowledge from one corner to another in an organization (Lesser, E. Prusak, L. 2001). Management emphasis on individual rather than team, disincentive to knowledge sharing, competition between employees, motivational limitations, lack of acknowledging for the supplier of knowledge, sub-standard physical layout of work space, and fewer management commitments could be a constraint for knowledge sharing environment (Chase, R. 1997). 2.9 How the barriers of knowledge management can be managed? Knowledge management is a lengthy and iterative process and its related benefits realized over a period of time. There are no rapid fix solutions to counter these barriers. However to overcome these barriers an organizations require to undertake essential approaches and actions. According to Du Plessis, M. (2008) knowledge management barriers directly line up with organizational, national and personnel culture. Top and senior managements can play a significant role for instance by raising the awareness of knowledge management activities and its benefits into work place (Birkinshaw, J. 2001). At any level of knowledge management it is compulsory to make sure that employees trained on the basis of knowledge management, once the knew the insights of knowledge management they are enough able to see how its adds value into their routine jobs and how organization can create social and intangible capital. However if employees ignore or do not understand the notion of knowledge management th en they will not be capable to leverage it completely, even though organizations have elegant knowledge management plans and systems. Flexibilities between departments could span knowledge sharing boundaries. Employees should not reserve by position in a hierarchy and retain by resources. Davenport, T. Prusak, L. (2000) stated that the components of knowledge management: people, process and technology must be uniformly supplied in terms of time and money. The most powerful force in knowledge management is people because they can able to change their environment so trust in people is an extraordinary phenomenon in managing people and their knowledge. Milton, N. (nd) described two other ways to manage knowledge called connect and collect, however these terms are vastly similar to the Nonaka, I. Takeuchi, H. SECI model (see section 2.7). The S mean Socialization and it begins through the connecting people into social networks where they can able to talk, to share dialogues with other people where the other three boxes named Externalization, Combination and Internalization is all about revolving tacit knowledge into explicit into tacit knowledge. For example knowledge is documented, recorded into knowledge system or knowledge repository in an organized way thus the othe rs can access it. Organizational culture should abide for mistakes by recognizing and gratifying innovative errors, also there should be no fear of losing position from not knowing the entire thing (Gillingham, H. Robert, B. 2006). In the view of Barnes, P. (2007), decentralize structure gives opportunities to know where the decisive knowledge is located and able to make more accurate decisions. Incentive and reward systems not only influence members to support knowledge management activities but it also encourage their willingness to take part in the creation and sharing knowledge (Yeh, Y. et al., 2006). Lack of trust alters into culture of trust and confidence get by face to face interactions; its not only the way of transferring tacit knowledge between individuals but it allows to evaluating the trustworthiness of both the giver and the receiver. Use of technology in knowledge management stipulates user training and members should have skills available other than technical ones such as interpersonal skills. According to the Abell, A. Oxbrow, N. (2001) technologies should not be the driver and substitute of social interactions; neither should it be a barrier. 2.10 Summary Every organizations is a knowledge based and they possesses particular knowledge in various forms such as in human capital, structure capital, intellectual capital etc. and the issue of knowledge management is essential because organization lives in uncertain world. The above literature has been identified potential barriers to knowledge management which was categorized into organizational culture, people perceptions, ineffective processes and obsolete technologies. There is no cause to believe that those barriers will not impact on knowledge sharing to a more or fewer extent within an organization and between personnel. However the rationale of this study was not to classify an extensive organizational barrier profile but the principle was merely to recognize a set of commonly studied barriers in knowledge management which can be apparent in various means across an organization. When organizations managed and implement knowledge in a logical and structure way it can add value to bot h the employees and organizations effectiveness. The literature review also fascinated that knowledge management is a social activity or relies on social models, even though sharing of knowledge can be possible from technologies but recipient and sender of knowledge are still humans. Organizational culture, employees perceptions and their characteristics, sources of knowledge creation and the context in which knowledge is shared are key consideration in knowledge management.

Peter The Great :: essays research papers fc

PETER THE GREAT THE REVOLUTIONARY CZAR OF RUSSIA Peter the First of Russia (more commonly known as Peter the Great) was born the son of Alexis Michailovich Romanov and Natalia Cyrilovna Narishkina on June 9, 1672 in Moscow, Russia (2:242-243). Alexis was overjoyed, and a great gingerbread cake with the double eagle was made, cannons were fired, and bells rang all over the land (4:89). But at his birth, it was not known that he would be the future czar of Russia. It was not until later on, when the czar Alexis died in 1676 at the age of 47, leaving his son Feodor (son of his first wife, Maria Miloslavsky) the heir to the throne (4:89). Feodor was slightly retarded, and therefore very fragile. Bitter rivalries went up for 6 years between the widow and ex-wife of Alexis, until Feodor died of natural causes in 1682 (4:89). It was then that a truce was made that Peter and his half-brother Ivan (also son of Maria), who was also slightly retarded, would be joint czars (4:89). He spent most of his young childhood life in the Kremlin, which he grew to hate, due to the dusky rooms, the labyrinthine corridors, and the bloody memories of terror and danger (4:89). When Peter was 10 years old, the palace guards revolted, and brutally murdered the supporters of his mother. Peter witnessed the brutal murders of Artemon Mateev, and Natalia ¹s brother on the lawn of the Kremlin. It was then that Peter, his two small sisters, and his mother withdrew to the countryhouse of Czar Alexis in the village of Preobrazhenskoe outside Moscow. They returned to the Kremlin infrequently, where Peter and Ivan sat on their double throne, flanked by 12 giant guards with battle-axes. Warily Peter listened as his clever and relentlessly ambitious older half-sister Sophia (also daughter of Maria), acting as regent, whispered instructions to him through the curtain (4:90). In the country, Peter was allowed to roam the fields and streets with the peasant boys, who were his close friends, playing soldier, and building forts on his home grounds. By the age of 12, he had learned masonry, shooting, hunting, and other games (4:90). Children from neighboring countryside’s heard of these games and soon came from Moscow with their servants to play with the young Czar. One of Peter ¹s friends brought out a young fellow named Alexander Menshikov, whom, legend says, he had met selling meat pies in Red Square.

Custom Essays: Hamlet as an Accessory to Ophelias Suicide

Hamlet as an Accessory to Ophelia's Suicide  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   William Shakespeare's character of Ophelia in Hamlet, suffers greatly, from the time she learns of her father Polonius' death, until her own mysterious death.   In Hamlet, Gertrude, Horatio and Claudius refer to her state, and conclude that she is crazy1[1].   Though there is some truth to their claim, Shakespeare created Ophelia as an overly- dramatic character, who is somewhat exaggerating her emotions to give an impression of madness.   Although their impression of Ophelia can be supported, evidence is not shown as much in her words, as it is shown in her actions.   Ophelia's songs seem like riddles and nonsense2[2], yet they are similar to the patterns of speech by Hamlet, revealing truths and true emotions, and at times sarcasm.  Ã‚   However, Ophelia's whimsical, and child-like behavior is quite different than the prim, reserved Ophelia at the beginning of the play.   Still, this behavior is not consistent with the   sad words in her grief-lad en songs, nor is it consistent with a woman in grief rather Ophelia's physical behavior is the strongest evidence that Ophelia may exhibit signs of madness.   Hamlet's act to convince his insanity to all that knew him influenced Ophelia to perform following Hamlet's lead with   his feigned madness, eventually leading to the girl's suicide, thus implicating Hamlet in her death.    In act four, scene five; Gertrude and Horatio discuss Ophelia's worsening condition directly prior to her entrance.   They attribute the young girls' decline to her concern for her recently dead father.   Ophelia displays signs of being overly sensitive and volatile, which concerns Horatio: "Spurns enviously at straws, speaks things in doubt / That carry but... ...    Notes: 1[1] Hamlet, (4.5.3,5-10). 2[2] Hamlet, (4.5.7) 3[3] Hamlet, (4.5.6-7).   4[4] Neely, Carol Thomas, "Document in Madness", University of Illinois, Shakespeare Criticism Yearbook 1991, Volume 19, pp 333-334. 5[5] Hamlet, (4.5.21).   6[6] Hamlet, (4.5.29-32) 7[7]Hamlet, (2.2.186) 8[8] Turner, John, "Hamlet: The Court in Transition".   University College of Swansea, Shakespearean Criticism, Volume 16, Yearbook 1990, p. 253. 9[9] Neely, p. 333. 10[10] Hamlet, (4.5.47-54) 11[11] Neely, p. 333. 12[12] Hamlet, (4.5.55). 13[13] Neely, p. 333. 14[14] Hamlet, (4.5.159). 15[15] Hamlet, (4.5.176-186) 16[16] Persoon, James. "Shakespeare's Hamlet: the meaning of Ophelia's distribution of herbs and flowers." Explicator, v. 55, Wntr 1997, pp 70-71. 17[17] Persoon, p 71. 18[18]Hamlet, (2.2109)   

Limited Liability Partnership (LLP) Essay

Fred and Ginger are general partners in a business. They decide to purchase a building for the partnership. Ginger will put up the money for the building, and Fred will complete the remodeling. While inspecting the building, Fred is informed that the building is packed full of asbestos. He fails to tell Ginger of the presence of the substance. They buy the building and go into business. During the remodeling of the building, people from the neighborhood begin complaining about the dust from the building. Some of them even threaten to sue. Who is liable? Both Ginger and Fred are liable, regardless of the circumstances, by virtue of the fact that they are partners. Which type of business formation is typically reserved for professionals such as accountants, lawyers, and doctors? Limited Liability Partnership (LLP) There are two general partners, each of whom contributes $5,000 in capital to a limited partnership. There are two limited partners, each of whom contributes $20,000. The total amount of capital contributed is $50,000. The limited partnership agreement does not stipulate how profits and losses are to be allocated. Assume that the limited partnership makes $300,000 in profits. Under the Revised Uniform Limited Partnership Act (RULPA), how much would each partner receive? Each general partner would receive $30,000, and each limited partner would receive $120,000. Which of the following is true of The Federal Arbitration Act? It provides that arbitration agreements are valid, irrevocable, and enforceable. Which of the following is true of a corporation? A corporation is a separate legal entity. Which of the following is true in the creation of a general partnership? The name selected cannot indicate that it is a corporation. Which of the following is true of arbitration? Parties can introduce evidence to support their case. Which of the following is one of the major purposes of a settlement conference? To facilitate the settlement of a case. Which of the following is true regarding mediation? A mediator does not make a decision or an award. When parties agree in advance to adhere to an arbitrator’s decision and  award, it is known as Binding arbitration Martha started a flower shop as a sole proprietor. After 1 year, she was forced to close the shop because business was so bad. At that time, the business assets totaled $50,000, but the business liabilities totaled $125,000. Which of the following statements is true? Martha is personally liable for the additional $75,000 owed to business creditors. George has served Mary with a complaint alleging breach of contract. Mary has never been sued before and as such, she seeks your advice on what to do with the complaint. You advise that she Answer George’s complaint by admitting or denying the allegations George has asserted against her The Black Squirrel limited partnership has been in operation for many years, but has recently fallen on hard times. The partners have decided to dissolve, although there are few assets remaining in the partnership. Shortly after the partnership filed its certificate of limited partnership, the partners had the foresight to incorporate into their partnership agreement a provision that, in the event of dissolution, the assets would be distributed in payment of claims first to limited partners, then to general partners, then to creditors. Hilda is a limited partner and feels relieved that she will receive at least a portion of her capital. Henry, one of the general partners, said that this provision is void and unenforceable. Which of the following best describes this situation? The provision placing the partners ahead of creditors is not enforceable, but the priority of limited partners over general partners is enforceable. Which of the following is true about the choice of business entity for an entrepreneur? The choice takes into account many factors, including finding an option that has all the characteristics desired. What is the effect of having a corporation as the general partner of a limited partnership? The liability of the corporate general partner will be limited to the amount of its assets. Which form of alternative dispute resolution occurs when the parties choose an impartial third party to hear and decide their dispute? Arbitration

What Do Women Want?

Trisha Punamiya Professor Kaitlyn McWilliams DISC 1313April 4th, 2108 Title â€Å"What do women want? Seem[s] plain enough: education, respect, to be accepted as the intellectual equals of men, emotional and sexual fulfillment, and marriage.† (Staves 170) Susan Staves uses this powerful description to present the standing and role of women in the 18th century patriarchal society. Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice boldly and skillfully manages and portrays the dynamics between the men and women in that era. Love, infatuation and compromise are revealed through the relationships of different characters in the novel and the implications that these factors have on their decision to marry. Society placed high expectations on women without providing equal opportunities in terms of education, hence there was always a constant wide disparity in the overall treatment of men and women. Marriage was considered to be an ultimate goal for all of the women, and the convention was to marry well. There was a higher importance placed on economic security as compared to love. Heritance, estate and wealth were considered to be the primary factors, whereas love and connection were condemned to develop over time. While Pride and Prejudice represents all of the stereotypical society norms and compliance of the expectations, it also dares to take a new stand in terms of feminism through the main female protagonist, Elizabeth. Austen's Elizabeth defies social expectations and norms in a patriarchal 18th century, rising above the orthodox women including her counterparts. She, being sensible and wise, strongly justifies her decisions, presenting a new front on feminism. 18th century was considered it be a time where development was seen in the treatment of women, and this novel essentially depicts that improvement. Jane Austen, as Wang and Liu believed, gave all her female characters an impersonal freedom, allowing them to be the focus as well as the reflectors of the narration. Austen concentrated on women's routine life and hence was able to provide the readers with a deeper understanding of the social expectations and norms that the women had to comply with on a regular basis. Making her women the center of the novel, Elizabeth specifically, Austen got rid of the masculine discourse and dominance present otherwise in the society, proving the rather developed and sensible nature of Elizabeth. Austen also allowed Elizabeth to transmit information and by following her journey, viewing things from her perspective enabled the readers to build a more sentimental relationship with her. Female characters were portrayed not only from the outside world, seen by an objective observer, but also from within the character giving an opportunity to reveal their own memories and thoughts. Elizabeth's unaffected charming personality overshadowed the arrogant and wealthy men proving her to be an advocator of independence from societal bounds and from traditional views about marriage that hinder women's self-autonomy. All of Austen's women are distinct individuals and have their own set of ideologies and views on marriage and societal expectations. While, some can be described as sensible and mature, others naà ¯ve and dumb. Elizabeth had a fascinating relationship with all of the characters, through which Austen reveals a substantial amount of insight into the shaping and development of Elizabeth as an individual. Despite being the sensible sisters, who shared similar values and ideologies Jane and Elizabeth were rather different in many ways. Jane waited for the right man all along, marriage for her meant love, passion and meaning. She was willing to forgive Mr Bingley for the mistakes he had committed, accepting his long-anticipated marriage proposal. Jane shared her immense happiness with Elizabeth and wished for her to experience this joy as well. This proves that despite being wise, Jane had a longing desire for Mr Bingley only, and chose to be a silent sufferer during their time apart. She didn't even blame Mr Bingley's sisters or Mr Darcy for the negative role they played in her relationship and even refused accept Elizabeth's views on how a bad influence they were to Mr Bingley. As Reena distinguished, Jane was more aware of the manners of the society and believed that it was necessary for women to marry at a certain age, while Elizabeth rejected men, aspiring to marry someone whom she thought of as an equal in terms of temperament and had a strong romantic connection with. Elizabeth was rather affirmative and outspoken than Jane, who was on the contrary naà ¯ve and kept to herself. Despite being the younger one, Elizabeth had an instinct to protect Jane, this was proved when Elizabeth defended Jane's silence to Mr Darcy and Mr Bingley, when Jane and Mr Bingley's courtship was sidelined. Jane's beauty and charm were somewhat affected by her shy and quiet demeanor; and the outspoken and confident Elizabeth is rather protective of her for this reason. Elizabeth is also a rather fastidious girl who discriminates between people. She was quick in observing the differences between Mr Darcy and Mr Bingley. She quickly understood the nature of Mr Collins whose proposal she rejected without least hesitation. Elizabeth claims that â€Å"There are few whom I really love, and still fewer of whom I think well†. (164) She also declares that she is fed up with the inconsistencies in human beings, showing that she is at times prejudiced herself. Jane, on the other hand, forms a good opinion about others and is undiscriminating in doing so. Elizabeth, the society in extension, believe that Jane is too nice and doesn't have a bad thing to say about anybody. Lizzy says to Jane, â€Å"You never see a fault in anybody. All the world are good and agreeable in your eyes. I never heard you speak ill of a human being in my life.† (53) They believe that because she has such a generous heart and the most affectionate personality, she must be naà ¯ve enough to think of the best in people. The fact that she has captivating manners and an angelic personality, she is hence considered to be the more ideal fit into the 18th century society. Elizabeth has a sarcastic wit which enables her to ridicule some people like Mr Collins. She has the capability to laugh at people's absurdities, as she herself tells Mr Darcy towards the end of the novel. Contrary to that, Jane could never mock or retaliate like Elizabeth would, proving her to be the more ideal and proper woman in terms of the societal expectations. The society hence place the two distinctly; this was also seen with the way Mrs Bennet treated both of them differently, relying on Jane more than on Elizabeth. Through Lydia's elopement, Mrs Bennet demanded Jane's company more than Elizabeth's, and often confronted in Jane about Elizabeth's rejections and what a big mistake she was committing. Because of these differences one can conclude that Elizabeth was the only one who dared to step up against the unfairness of the society, unlike Jane who was equally educated and sensible but didn't just possess it in her character to do so. On the hand, there was large disparity in terms of personality between Lydia and Elizabeth. Being the youngest of the five sisters, she received great amount of attention from their mother. Emotional and immature, Lydia is the daughter who shares her mother's characteristics the most. However, she was the least dear to Mr Bennet, we often see him pass sarcastic remarks on how silly and dumb Kitty and Lydia are. On the other hand, Elizabeth resembles her father the most, being his favorite. She is strong-willed, stubborn, frivolous and foolish. Despite, having the same background and upbringing Elizabeth and Lydia are sheer opposites. Lydia is Jane Austen's way of portraying some of the young girls of that era and satirizing them, while Elizabeth, on the contrary, is Austen's way of depicting the development of women in the male-dominated society. Lydia's interests lie within balls and flirting with the new men in town. Not only does this cause great embarrassment to Elizabeth, but to the Bennet family as a whole. Her main aspiration in life is to attain the attention of men, uniquely different from Elizabeth's character. She elopes with Mr Wickham at the first chance that she gets. Samina and Khattak in their article identify Lydia as selfish for being involved in self-interested schemes to achieve individual rather than collective happiness. Lydia barely knew Mr Wickham or his intentions, she was certain that they were going to get married but was so self-absorbed that she never wondered to consider what kind of a person he is and what is aim was. Unlike, the other female characters, Lydia didn't entirely marry for money or wealth, everyone knew that Mr Wickham wasn't the owner of a large estate. She wanted to fulfill her desire of attraction and physical gratification, not love. Like her mother, Lydia had very little common sense, poor judgement and no consideration or understanding of the consequences that her behavior would have on the reputation of the family, especially her two unmarried older sisters. Society considered her elopement a big crime and the eighteenth century was unapologetic to women as such anyway. Lydia's elopement hence brought disgrace to the entire Bennet family. Mr Collins in his letter to Mr Bennet as a form of condolence wrote that â€Å"The death of your daughter would have been a blessing in comparison to this†. This portrays how ignorant Lydia was, despite knowing that society was extremely unapologetic towards women. It also affected the marriage prospects of the other sisters; the society's notion that the older had to be married before the younger sisters was also disobeyed by Lydia. Lady Catherine used Lydia's mistake to portray her disapproval of Elizabeth's presence in Mr Darcy's life. She embarrassed Elizabeth by saying, â€Å"I am no stranger to the particulars of your youngest sister's infamous elopement. I know it all; that the young man's marrying her was a patched-up business, at the expense of your father and uncles. And is such a girl to be my nephew's sister?† (Austen 358). She fails to be a good sibling to her sister Kitty as well, who adored Lydia and supposedly had a tight knit relationship with her. Kitty was upset that Lydia didn't even bother inviting her. Through the portrayal of Lydia's character and behavior, Austen successfully is able to stereotype women who lacked good sense, decorum, and empathy in that century. In contrast, Elizabeth is a sensible young woman with a sharp wit and respectful nature. She takes pride in her background, despite knowing all their faults. She passes a strong comment to Lady Catherine displaying that humility, â€Å"He is a gentleman; I am a gentleman's daughter; so far we are equal.† (Austen 357) Elizabeth demands respect and hopes to marry someone who would treat her as an equal and would allow her to retain her sense of self. She married for love, however not completely disregarding the need for financial stability in her companion.